2000; Mecklinger, 2000). While this late ERP old/new effect has been linked to conscious recollection, an earlier old/new effect that peaks around 400 ms, lasts about 200 ms, has a mid-frontal maximum, and overlaps a negative ERP deflection (FN400), is regarded as an index of item familiarity, reflecting implicit knowledge of previously experiencing this stimulus (e.g., Rugg and Curran, 2007). This dissociation of neural generators linked to two distinct retrieval processes postulated in dual-process models of recognition memory (e.g., Yonelinas, 2001) implicates contributions of the lateral prefrontal cortex for the early mid-frontal old/new effect, and the lateral posterior parietal cortex for the late parietal old/new effect (e.g., Yonelinas et al., 2005; Wagner et al., 2005), with additional contributions to both episodic memory effects from other frontal and parietal regions (Iidaka et al., 2006) and medial temporal lobe structures (Rugg et al., 1991; Guillem et al., 1995; Wegesin and Nelson, 2000). A verbal working memory network involving prefrontal and parietotemporal regions has also been proposed and implicated in schizophrenia (e.g., Kim et al., 2003; Winterer et al., 2003).
