We confirmed significant positive genetic correlations (rg) in EUR between PAU and substance use and psychiatric traits (Supplementary Table 15). AD8 showed the highest correlation with PAU (rg = 0.85, s.e. 0.07 and P = 4.49 × 10−34), followed by maximum habitual alcohol intake39 (rg = 0.79, s.e. 0.03 and P = 1.24 × 10−191) and opioid use disorder (OUD)40 (rg = 0.78, s.e. 0.04 and P = 1.20 × 10−111). We next tested rg between AUD and 13 published traits with a large GWAS in AFR (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 16). Maximum habitual alcohol intake39 (rg = 0.67, s.e. 0.15 and P = 8.13 × 10−6) showed the highest correlation with AUD, followed by OUD40 (rg = 0.62, s.e. 0.10 and P = 6.70 × 10−10) and smoking trajectory41 (rg = 0.57, s.e. 0.08 and P = 3.64 × 10−4).
