(e.g., Andreasen 1983, 1984). Symptom ratings were obtained using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Opler, & Fishbein, 1992). The mean total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score available for 31 patients was 28.1 ± 6.6, with about equal scores for positive (10.8 ± 4.9) and negative (11.7 ± 3.9) symptoms (general 23.7 ± 5.8), indicating that patients were mildly disturbed. Mean age of onset available was 23.7 ± 6.3 years with an average illness duration of 9.8 ± 8.9 years. Most patients (n = 29) were treated with antipsychotic medications (9 aripriprazole, 7 risperidone, 5 olanzapine, 4 ziprasidone, 2 perphenazine, 1 clozapine, 1 quetiapine; chlorpromazine equivalents 25–800 mg/day; Woods, 2003).
