As part of a study of olfaction and social function in schizophrenia, 35 healthy adults (ages 18–61 years, M ± SD = 31.7 ± 12.0; 18 men; 6 smokers) without current or past psychopathology, neurological illness, or substance abuse (Nurnberger et al., 1994) were recruited for payment (US$10/h) from the New York metropolitan area. These controls were compared to 17 inpatients and 15 outpatients at NewYork State Psychiatric Institute (ages 18–54 years, M ± SD = 33.3 ± 9.6; 18 men; 5 smokers) meeting DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for schizophrenia (n = 26; 15 paranoid, 9 undifferentiated, 1 catatonic, 1 residual) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 6; 3 bipolar type, 3 depressive type). Diagnoses were based on clinical interviews by psychiatrists and trained psychologists and a semistructured interview (Nurnberger et al., 1994) including items from commonly used instruments (e.g., Andreasen 1983, 1984). Symptom ratings were obtained using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Opler, & Fishbein, 1992). The mean total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score available for 31 patients was 28.1 ± 6.6, with about
