As illustrated above, the second spatial derivative of the LFP, CSD, virtually eliminates volume conduction at the spatial scales that are of interest to most in-vivo LFP studies. As described above, CSD analysis also improves the precision of inferences that can be made about underlying synaptic processes. CSD studies conducted by several laboratories in both awake and anesthetized subjects over the last 20 years (Buzsaki and Kandel, 1998;Happel et al., 2010;Kandel and Buzsaki, 1997;Kaur et al., 2004;Lakatos et al., 2009;Maier et al., 2011;Schroeder et al., 1991;Schroeder et al., 1998;Steinschneider et al., 1995;Ulbert et al., 2004) provide a great deal of valuable information that is as yet largely untapped by FP studies.
