Case-control comparisons in two separate datasets showed a widespread pattern of lower CT associated with alcohol dependence. Comparison of this alcohol dependence result with lower CT observed in other psychiatric and neurological disorders by other ENIGMA working groups revealed substantial similarities in structural abnormalities across numerous psychiatric and neurological disorders. These results extend previous findings by including effect size maps from alcohol dependence and CHR [8–10]. A summary of MRI studies that have examined cross-disorder commonalities or relations of disorders to other brain maps is shown in Table S27. Critically, most previous cross-disorder studies derived a latent pattern or metric from a limited number of effect size maps associated with preselected disorders for the subsequent analysis [8–10]. The robustness of the derived pattern or metric is unclear when the preselected disorders vary. By contrast, we first derived a consistent spatial pattern of PC1 in healthy controls using a set of large-scale datasets and demonstrated that the widespread abnormalities in several psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, alcohol dependence, and CHR were correlated with this global cortical pattern. The identification of a PC1 pattern
