the AUDIT and measures past-year typical quantity and frequency of drinking as well as one item measuring frequency of heavy/binge drinking (Bush, Kivlahan, McDonell, Fihn, & Bradley, 1998). AUDIT-C data were available in two datasets, from the EHR data of the annual AUDIT-C assessment in MVP from 2007–2017 (Kranzler et al., 2019) and as part of the full AUDIT assessment in an online follow-up of the UKB (Sanchez-Roige et al., 2019a). AUDIT-C data were available in MVP for both EA (206 254) and AA (56 495) ancestries and EA only in UKB (N = 121 604). The full AUDIT score (i.e. AUDIT-T) was also available in the 23andMe and UKB datasets (Sanchez-Roige et al., 2019b) in EA samples (23andMe: N = 20 328; UKB: N = 121 604). The AUDIT-P scale, the score on items 4–10 of the AUDIT, which focuses on the problematic consequences of drinking, was used from the UKB in EA samples (N = 121 604). Finally, in the MVP data, a quantitative measure of maximum habitual alcohol consumption in a typical month (Max. Alc.; Gelernter et al., 2019a) was used as a measure of more problematic consumption, to reflect typical/habitual maximum usage as opposed to maximum
