likely to be punished for the same offence, and more likely to be suspended or expelled than EuroAmericans (Gregory, 1995; Kinsler, 2011; Riddle and Sinclair, 2019; Skiba et al., 2011; Skiba et al., 2002). While discipline disparities have been documented in a number of studies in African Americans, fewer studies have evaluated American Indians. In one large dataset from Arizona, the findings indicated that disparities in discipline referrals and in “violation-to-action” were higher in American Indians and on par with those seen in African Americans as compared to EuroAmericans (Brown, 2014). In the present study men (vs. women), those with an ASPD diagnosis (vs. AABS) and AA and AI (vs. EA) were also more likely to have been arrested, confirming studies that have shown that incarceration rates are much higher for men, African Americans and American Indians than Euro-Americans (see (Minton and Golinelli, 2014; Vogel and Porter, 2016)). The current analyses were not able to determine whether differences in the detection and/or occurence of certain antisocial symptoms such as arrests and school suspensions between racial groups are a result of racial bias, and whether those differences may ultimately lead to unwarranted diagnoses based on race. In one lone study it
