Large national surveys have provided evidence that suggests that the prevalence of ASPD and AABS may differ depending on racial group of origin. The odds of both syndromes were demonstrated to be elevated in American Indians and lower in Hispanic and Asians, as compared to EA individuals, in the NESARC study (Compton et al., 2005; Goldstein et al., 2017). However, those earlier studies did not compare individual antisocial symptoms, their ages of onset, or their clinical course. However, as predicted in our second aim, we found that African Americans and American Indians although not more likely to endorse “playing hooky” were more likely to be suspended or expelled from school than EuroAmericans. Previous research using longitudinal studies and large administrative datasets has shown that African American students are more likely to be referred for school-based disciplinary action and were more likely to be punished for the same offence, and more likely to be suspended or expelled than EuroAmericans (Gregory, 1995; Kinsler, 2011; Riddle and Sinclair, 2019; Skiba et al., 2011; Skiba et al., 2002). While discipline disparities have been documented
