Therefore, by extracting intracortical α activity from high-density electroencephalogram (hdEEG) recordings, we conducted source-level analysis of resting-state α activity in patients with PTSD, relative to HCs and patients with GAD. The GAD group was included to rule out effects of general anxiety and hyperarousal that would confound resting-state neural oscillations (Imperatori et al., 2019). For simplicity and statistical rigor, the GAD group and HC group were collapsed into a single control group, which was further justified by prior work by (Clancy et al. (2017), demonstrating a lack of surface-level differences between HC and GAD groups. Comparisons between PTSD and HC or GAD groups separately are also reported. To highlight the vulnerability of the DMN to sensory input, we included a modified resting state (M-RS) involving passive viewing of images, in addition to a standard, eyes-open resting state (S-RS). We assessed two specific hypotheses of α deficits in PTSD, including (1) attenuated α power and connectivity in the DMN and (2) a deficit of α inhibition of visual cortical (VC) activity (i.e., attenuated α power) and attenuated directed α-frequency connectivity to
