In Hawkins, Catalano, and Miller’s (1992) seminal paper, a broad range of risk factors for adolescent substance abuse was identified. Among the risk factors emphasized by Hawkins and his colleagues, many are likely to be particularly salient in the lives of maltreated youth. For example, in terms of identified contextual factors, extreme economic deprivation characterizes many maltreating families who are residing in impoverished areas with substantial neighborhood disorganization and ample availability of drugs in the community. Individual and interpersonal risk factors also are prominent among maltreated children. Hawkins et al. highlighted poor and inconsistent family management practices, high family conflict, and poor bonding to family as risks for adolescent substance abuse, and these factors also are characteristic of the dysfunction in maltreating families in which abuse and neglect occur. Early and persistent problem behaviors, particularly antisocial and aggressive behavior, were noted, as well as peer rejection in the early elementary grades, academic failure, and low degree of commitment to school. These features are consistent with the progression of developmental failures exhibited by maltreated children (Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006). Consequently, compromised
