findings have been reported by Rodgers et al. (2004) and Moran, Vuchinich, and Hall (2004). Among youth with Child Protective Services documented maltreatment, Kelly, Thornberry, and Smith (1999) reported one-third higher risk for drug use among those with an abuse history. In a large epidemiological study, Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2008) have shown physical abuse and particularly sexual abuse to be related to illicit drug use, as well as abuse and dependence. Widom and colleagues have tracked a Child Protective Services identified sample into middle adulthood and have demonstrated ongoing linkages between child maltreatment and drug use problems, particularly among women (Widom, Marmorstein, & White, 2006; Wilson & Widom, 2009). Thus, a preponderance of evidence supports the linkage between experiences of child maltreatment and the development of adverse substance abuse outcomes among youth and adults.
