In addition to a broad spectrum of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology among maltreated children, during adolescence and adulthood ample evidence exists for higher rates of substance abuse and dependence among maltreated individuals. In clinical samples undergoing treatment for substance use disorders, between one third and two thirds evince child abuse and neglect histories (Bayatour,Wells,& Holford, 1992; Cavaiola & Schiff, 1989; Dembo, Dertke, Borders, Washburn, & Schmeidler, 1988; Edwall, Hoffman, & Harrison, 1989; Pribor & DiWiddie, 1992; Schaefer, Sobieragi, & Hollyfield, 1988). In a survey of over 100,000 youth in 6th though 12th grade, Harrison, Fulkerson, and Beebe (1997) found that those reporting either physical or sexual abuse in childhood were from 2 to 4 times more likely to be using drugs than those not reporting abuse; the rates were even higher for youth reporting multiple forms of child maltreatment. Similar findings have been reported by Rodgers et al. (2004) and Moran, Vuchinich, and Hall (2004). Among youth with Child Protective Services documented maltreatment, Kelly, Thornberry, and Smith (1999) reported one-third higher risk for drug use among those with an abuse
