All psychiatric disorders were defined in accordance with DSM-IV criteria. Mood and anxiety disorders ruled out substance- or illness-induced disorders, and major depression also ruled out bereavement. ASPD and other personality disorders were defined to reflect pervasive, lifelong patterns of functioning, excluding behavior during periods of depression, mania, anxiety, heavy drinking, drug use, alcohol or drug withdrawal, or physical illness. Drug dependence was defined using algorithms similar to those for alcohol dependence and reflected dependence on any of 10 types of drugs. Full details of the derivation of NESARC diagnoses of mood, anxiety, substance use and personality disorders have been published elsewhere (Grant et al., 2004a, 2004b; Stinson et al., 2005).
