Relationships between BMI and illicit drug use disorders are more difficult to identify due in part to lower overall prevalence rates and differing pharmacological effects of different drugs that may influence their impact on appetite and body weight. For instance, marijuana can stimulate appetite (Abel, 1975; Foltin, Fischman, & Byrne, 1988); however, marijuana use is associated with higher caloric intake but not with increased BMI among young adults (Rodondi, Pletcher, Liu, Hulley, & Sidney, 2006). Cocaine is a stimulant and appetite suppressant (Gold & Miller, 1997). Although cocaine and heroin use disorders have been associated with poor nutrition and lower body mass, particularly in women, in clinical studies (Cofrancesco et al., 2007; Santolaria-Fernandez et al., 1995), the prevalence of overweight appears to be increasing among individuals with illicit drug use disorders just as it has in the general population (Rajs et al., 2004). Epidemiologic studies including significant numbers of individuals with drug use disorders are rare. Obesity appears to be associated with lower odds of a past-year drug dependence diagnosis although not a past-year diagnosis of drug abuse (Pickering et
