This longitudinal work has fleshed out a long list of factors associated with the pathway, of this type of AUD, including a high-risk genetic background marked by a positive family history for AUD (Goodwin, Schulsinger, Knop, Mednick, & Guze, 1973); antisocial comorbidity in at least one of the parents (Zucker, Ellis, Fitzgerald, Bingham, & Sanford, 1996); a rearing environment characterized by poor parenting (Olson, Bates, & Bales, 1990; Valiente, Lemery-Chalfant, & Reiser, 2007); exposure to abuse, stress, conflict, and violence (Hussong et al., 2008; Sanford, Bingham, & Zucker, 1999); low social competence in early childhood (Garnier & Stein, 2002; Pitkänen, Kokko, Lyyra, & Pulkkinen, 2008); involvement with deviant peers (Dielman, Butchart, & Shope, 1993; Dishion, Patterson, Stoolmiller, & Skinner, 1991); and earlier use of alcohol and other drugs (Grant, 1998), with heavier and more problematic use thereafter (Clark et al., 2005; Dubow, Boxer, & Huesmann, 2008; Pitkänen, et al., 2008) and increasing likelihood of moving into early onset AUD or some other drug use disorder (DUD) (Grant & Dawson, 1997, 1998; Hawkins et al., 1997). The robustness of the developmental
