2005; Dubow, Boxer, & Huesmann, 2008; Pitkänen, et al., 2008) and increasing likelihood of moving into early onset AUD or some other drug use disorder (DUD) (Grant & Dawson, 1997, 1998; Hawkins et al., 1997). The robustness of the developmental relationships is indicated by the fact that the great majority of these longitudinal studies began in early or middle childhood, and two have even followed the associations out to the mid-40s.
