Despite these methodological differences across studies, results indicate a consistent, moderate effect of brief, personality-targeted cognitive behavioural interventions on a number of substance use outcomes. They also indicate that the personality-targeted approach can be delivered in a variety of different settings and formats. There is also an emerging literature (not included in Table 1) showing that personality-targeted interventions also impact on mental health outcomes. Studies 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 in Table 1 also report mental health outcomes in the following secondary analyses [44, 74, 78–80], and while there is some variability in results reported and measures used, significant effects are reported on depression, anxiety and conduct symptoms in four of five studies. Some additional secondary analyses report differential outcomes for personality subgroups or higher-risk individuals. Specifically, some researchers [24, 60, 61, 77, 81] report outcomes for specific personality risk groups, and findings are remarkably consistent across studies. SS youth appear at greater risk for early-onset drinking, binge drinking and cannabis use, and the intervention is particularly effective in delaying such use for these higher-risk youth; large effect sizes
