(13–14 year olds), lifetime use of alcohol (22.8%), electronic cigarettes (17.5%), cannabis (12.8%), tobacco cigarettes (9.8%) inhalant (7.7%), prescription amphetamines (5.7%) and prescription tranquilizers (3.0%) are the most commonly used substances (Johnston et al., 2017). Data is unavailable for 8th graders, but an alarming 18% of 12th graders have used any prescription drug and 7.8% of 12th graders report non-medical use of prescription pain relievers (OxyContin, Percocet, Vicodin, Fentanyl) (Johnston et al., 2017). The latter is a particularly important area, given increase risk of developing an opiate use disorder associated with adolescent exposure, significant barriers to treatment, and alarming rate of overdose deaths in adolescents (Liebling et al., 2016; McCabe et al., 2016; Rudd et al., 2016). Caffeine use is very common in youth, with 73.9% of 6–11 year olds consuming caffeinated food or beverage on any given day within the past week and adolescents (aged 12–17 years old) consuming an average of 50 mg per day (Ahluwalia et al., 2014; Ahluwalia and Herrick, 2015).
