patients were invited for screening and informed consent, excluding those with primary psychotic (schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder) or neurological (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, epilepsy) disorders. We also excluded participants with mood disorders due to small samples (five males and one female) or other primary illicit substance (opioid, cannabis, inhalants, kratom or Mitragyna speciosa) dependences (n = 208), resulting in a final study sample of 782 MA-using individuals. Written informed consent was obtained before research participation. The study was approved by the appropriate ethics committees at the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (Med Chula IRB), Thanyarak Institute for Drug Abuse, and Thailand Ministry of Public Health.
