At age 14, face-to-face interviews were conducted using a translated version of the Child Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism, Adolescent version (C-SSAGA-A). This polydiagnostic instrument marks lifetime diagnoses on a variety of psychiatric disorders, including CD, based on the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IIIR [24]. For this study, symptom counts of thirteen CD criteria were categorized into no conduct problems, some conduct problems (endorsement of one or two symptoms), and three or more conduct symptoms.
