Role of overlapping genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between early adolescent conduct problems and substance use in young adulthood.
- Authors
- Verweij, Karin J H; Creemers, Hanneke E; Korhonen, Tellervo; Latvala, Antti; Dick, Danielle M; Rose, Richard J; Huizink, Anja C; Kaprio, Jaakko
- Year
- 2016
- Journal
- Addiction (Abingdon, England)
- PMID
- 26748618
- DOI
- 10.1111/add.13303
- PMCID
- PMC4861688
AIMS: To determine (1) the prospective associations of conduct problems during early adolescence with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood and (2) to what extent these associations are due to overlapping genetic versus environmental influences. DESIGN: A prospective twin study using biometric twin modelling. SETTING: Finland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1847 Finnish twins (943 males and 904 females) were interviewed in early adolescence, 73% of whom (n = 1353, 640 males and 713 females) were retained in young adulthood. MEASUREMENTS: Symptom counts of conduct disorder (CD) criteria were obtained from a semi-structured clinical interview in early adolescence [age 14-15 years, mean = 14.2, standard deviation (SD) = 0.15]. Frequency of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use was obtained from a semi-structured clinical interview in young adulthood (age 19.9-26.6 years, mean = 22.4, SD = 0.7). FINDINGS: We found modest to moderate phenotypical correlations (r = 0.16-0.35) between early adolescent CD symptoms and substance use in young adulthood. In males, the phenotypical correlations of CD symptoms with all three substance use variables are explained largely by overlapping genetic influences. In females, overlapping shared environmental influences predominantly explain the phenotypical correlation between CD symptoms and tobacco and cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS: Conduct disorder symptoms in early adolescence appear to moderately predict substance use in early adulthood. In males, genetic influences seem to be most important in explaining the relationship between conduct disorder symptoms and substance use whereas in females, shared environmental influences seem to be most important.
Multivariate Cholesky Decomposition. The boxes represent the observed variables and the circles represent the latent variables that influence the observed variables. A, C, and E denote latent genetic, shared environmental and residual influences, respectively. A1 represents the genetic influences on CD symptoms, and the crosspaths from A1 to tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use indicate the extent to which these genetic influences are shared with each substance use trait. A2, A3, and A4 represent genetic influences on tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use that are not shared with CD symptoms. Crosspaths from A2 to alcohol and cannabis use, and from A3 to cannabis use capture the covariation between these substance use traits. The same structure applies for the C and E factors. Dashed lines indicate non-significant pathways (p>0.05). Note that the pathways from E1 to CD symptoms, E2 to tobacco use, E3 to alcohol use, and E4 to cannabis use were not tested for significance; these pathways cannot be dropped from the model as measurement error is always present.
LLM interpretation
This figure is a path diagram representing a Multivariate Cholesky Decomposition for females, illustrating the influence of latent genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and residual (E) factors on four observed variables: CD symptoms, tobacco use, alcohol use, and cannabis use. Solid lines indicate significant pathways, while dashed lines represent non-significant pathways (p > 0.05). Numerical values on the paths quantify the strength of the influences and covariations between the latent factors and the observed traits.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1983 cohort local | cohort |
| 1984–1987 cohorts local | cohort |
| A local | drug |
| adolescent conduct problems | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| Alcohol Problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| Alcohol use frequency local | drug |
| American 21-year-olds local | cohort |
| behavior problems | phenotype |
| Behavioural disinhibition | phenotype |
| Both sexes local | cohort |
| C local | drug |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| Cannabis use frequency local | drug |
| CD symptoms local | phenotype |
| conduct behaviour local | phenotype |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| drinking | phenotype |
| E local | drug |
| early adolescent conduct problems local | phenotype |
| Early adolescent conduct problems local | phenotype |
| early adulthood | cohort |
| Early age of alcohol use initiation local | phenotype |
| early cannabis use | phenotype |
| Early conduct disturbance local | phenotype |
| early conduct problems | phenotype |
| early externalizing behaviour local | phenotype |
| European 21-year-olds local | cohort |
| externalizing disorders | phenotype |
| Familial alcoholism risk local | phenotype |
| familial alcohol use local | phenotype |
| Finnish twins | cohort |
| Finntwin12 | cohort |
| genetic factors | cohort |
| genetic variants | cohort |
| health problems | phenotype |
| illicit drug use | phenotype |
| lifetime cannabis use | phenotype |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| mid-adolescence | cohort |
| Mid-adolescent substance use local | phenotype |
| Persistent smoking local | phenotype |
| phenotype | phenotype |
| Poor educational performance local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| sex differences | phenotype |
| Single twins local | cohort |
| smoking | phenotype |
| smoking behaviour | phenotype |
| smoking initiation | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| Tobacco use frequency local | drug |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| young adults | cohort |
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps. | 2018 | 29227573 |
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting style and its effect on eating disorders and substance abuse across the young population. | Ramsewak S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Predicting Alcohol Dependence Symptoms by Young Adulthood: A Co-Twin Comparisons Study. | Stephenson M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Sex differences in bidirectional associations between conduct problems and cannabis use across two years of adolescence. | Thompson EL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Exploring how Family and Neighborhood Stressors Influence Genetic Risk for Adolescent Conduct Problems and Alcohol Use. | Bares CB et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Associations of Early Age of First Intoxication with Past Year Drinking Contexts and Problems. | Lipperman-Kreda S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| FinnTwin12 Cohort: An Updated Review. | Rose RJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Commentary on Border et al. (2018): The public health burden of conduct disorder, early mortality and criminal justice involvement. | Aalsma MC | — | 2018 | → |
| Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use. | Minică CC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps. | Dick DM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| CB1-Dependent Long-Term Depression in Ventral Tegmental Area GABA Neurons: A Novel Target for Marijuana. | Friend L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Commentary on Kosty et al. (2017): Understanding risk classes for cannabis use disorder requires knowledge of exposure, environment and genetic effects. | Hines LA | — | 2017 | → |
| Commentary on Verweij et al. (2016): Conduct problems and substance use-genetic and environmental perspectives on sex differences. | Few LR et al. | — | 2016 | → |