Discovery phase analyses also included publicly available (via application) GWAS data from SAGE (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000092. v1.p1), containing 927 AA and 2003 EA unrelated exposed individuals (Table S1 in Supplement 1). SAGE includes individuals from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) (16), the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (FSCD) (17), and the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND) (18). The COGA sample is a set of unrelated individuals recruited in Indiana, New York, St. Louis, Connecticut, Iowa, and San Diego selected for genotyping from a larger set of 8000 subjects. COGA cases met criteria for DSM-IV alcohol dependence. FSCD contained subjects from the greater St. Louis metropolitan area; most cases met criteria for DSM-IV alcohol dependence and cocaine dependence. Control subjects were from the same communities and had consumed alcohol but had no lifetime history of dependence on any substance. A subgroup of FSCD subjects was not alcohol dependent but had a lifetime DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence on cannabis or another illicit drug. COGEND subjects were recruited in Missouri and Michigan. COGEND cases met criteria for DSM-IV alcohol
