In a comparison of 46 MA users with 31 non-users, trends were observed for more symptoms of depression in the MA users as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression questionnaire (CES-D; Nakama et al., 2008). Another published study of 1,580 arrestees found that those with MA-dependence were significantly more likely than other arrestees to report histories of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (Kalechstein et al., 2000). These results held up even after controlling for demographic variables and abuse of other drugs. In a study of a mixed population of 55 MA users from a court-referred drug treatment program and 51 MA users who had minimal contact with criminal justice institutions 37% reported experiencing depressive symptoms (Sommers et al., 2006).
