All 32 confirmed BMI-increasing alleles showed directionally consistent effects on risk of being overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) or obese (≥30 kg/m2) in stage 2 samples, with 30 of 32 variants achieving at least nominally significant associations. The BMI-increasing alleles increased the odds of overweight by 1.013 to 1.138-fold, and the odds for being obese by 1.016- to 1.203-fold (Supplementary Table 2). In addition, 30 of the 32 loci also showed directionally consistent effects on the risk of extreme and early-onset obesity in a meta-analysis of seven case-control studies of adults and children (binomial sign test P = 1.3×10−7) (Supplementary Table 3). The BMI-increasing allele observed in adults also increased the BMI in children and adolescents with directionally consistent effects observed for 23 of the 32 SNPs (binomial sign test P = 0.01). Furthermore, in family-based studies, the BMI-increasing allele was over-transmitted to the obese offspring for 24 of the 32 SNPs (binomial sign test P = 0.004) (Supplementary Table 3). As these studies in extreme obesity cases, children and families were relatively small (Nrange = 354 − 15,251) compared to
