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Chunk #0 — Introduction

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Density and Dichotomous Family History Measures of Alcohol Use Disorder as Predictors of Behavioral and Neural Phenotypes: A Comparative Study Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity.
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Family history (FH) of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has been consistently shown to be a major risk factor for developing AUD (Goodwin et al., 1973; Cadoret et al., 1980; Bohman et al., 1987; Dawson et al., 1992; Polich et al., 1994; Porjesz et al., 2005; Prescott, 2005; Rangaswamy and Porjesz, 2007). Ample evidence shows that FH is a robust predictor of alcohol problems and is associated with psychological and neurobiological precursors for AUD (Nurnberger et al., 2004; Porjesz et al., 2005; Hill and O’Brien, 2015). For example, FH is linked to greater risk for earlier initiation of drinking (Hill and Yuan, 1999; Dawson, 2000), increased frequency of alcohol intoxication (Pilatti et al., 2013), early onset of AUD (Lieb et al., 2002), and a higher prevalence of lifetime alcohol dependence across age, gender, and race (National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiological Survey, 1992), Additionally, FH has also been associated with aberrant electrophysiological characteristics such as low P3/P300 (an event-related brain potential; ERP) amplitude in response to target stimuli, often considered as a biomarker of vulnerability for AUD (Begleiter et al., 1984, 1987; Hill