Among the variety of standardized neuropsychological tests that measure episodic memory, list-learning tests are perhaps the most commonly used. Verbal list-learning tests are commendably employed to assess early cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as to predict diagnostic conversion to AD (Arnaiz and Almkvist, 2003; Karrasch et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2009). These tests involve learning across multiple trials and typically produce several memory indices, such as immediate free recall, delayed free recall, and recognition (Ivnik et al., 1990; Bleecker et al., 2005). In terms of the different retention intervals, episodic memory is measured by considering immediate recall (IR) and delayed recall (DR), which require participants to retrieve memories immediately after learning and 30 min after learning, respectively.
