of the monkeys drank very little of the ethanol and had apparently normal infants, one of the monkeys consumed large amounts of the ethanol throughout her pregnancy and her infant was noted to be hyperactive and tremulous (202). The majority of primate studies utilize the oral intubation method for administering alcohol (104–107), with many studies only giving alcohol once weekly rather than daily, which may more closely resemble human drinking patterns during pregnancy (104, 106, 107). Dosage of ethanol ranges from 0.3 to 5 g/kg and while BACs are not often reported in these studies, in those where they are reported they range from 150 to 250 mg/dl (104, 203). Voluntary drinking paradigms are also used in some studies (0.6 g ethanol/kg/day), and much lower BACs are achieved (20–50 mg/dl) (204–206). There is a large variation in the period of ethanol exposure; in some studies ethanol is administered throughout pregnancy (202, 204, 207), in some it starts after the first month of pregnancy (106) and in others it is intermittent (104, 105, 205). Results from primate studies have shown that ethanol exposure during development produces growth retardation (104–106) as well as behavioral deficits in adolescence and adulthood (104, 105, 204–206)
