We did not find a significant effect of alcohol use on antisocial behavior in early- to mid-adolescence. This may suggest that adolescent alcohol use from ages 12 to 15 is not yet associated with the spectrum of negative outcomes (including antisocial behavior) that are evidenced later in adolescence. Between ages 15 and 17, we found significant effects from alcohol use to antisocial behavior as well as from antisocial behavior to alcohol use. Several factors may contribute to the emergence of the effects from alcohol use to antisocial behavior during later adolescence. First, alcohol use might reach the level that can result in long-term negative consequences during late adolescence. As seen in Table 5, the level of alcohol use steadily increased from ages 12 to 17. Alcohol use during early- to mid-adolescence (from ages 12 to 15) might not have reached the level that could cause negative effects. However, during late adolescence (from ages 15 to 17), an elevated level of alcohol use might be sufficient to cause long-term negative consequences by damaging one’s central nervous system (Howard, 2006) or by
