longer-term cessation success or failure among never-quitters. Third, participants were monitored only for 2 weeks after their scheduled quit date, and thus, the findings from the current study cannot be generalized to describe long-term affect reactivity among controls, abstainers, never-quitters, and relapsers. Fourth, our study examined a relatively small group of smokers, limiting its power to detect other potential subgroup differences. Our findings need to be replicated in future studies with a larger sample size. Finally, it was difficult to classify the consumption behaviors and withdrawal symptoms of smokers who relapsed into an interindividual category like “relapser.” Depending on their quitting success at various times, relapsers’ consumption behaviors and withdrawal symptoms may change from session to session, and they may behave more like abstainers at one session but mimic the struggles of never-quitters at another. Future studies should consider modeling the abstinence status as an intraindividual factor to account for these changes made by the relapsers.
