Early substance use was a dichotomous variable that indexed use (coded 1) or nonuse (coded 0) of any substance (e.g., alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana) at age 11. Early conduct problems (cf. Spoth, Redmond, & Shin, 2000) were measured with 6 self-report items (e.g., mean/cruel, got into fights) from the CBCL-YSR that were averaged to compute an overall scale (α = .72). Early depressed mood, similar to the depressed mood indicator described above, was measured with 8 self-report items from the CBCL-YSR that were averaged to compute an overall scale (α = .76). Due to its association with attrition from the study, a measure of parent educational attainment at Wave 1 (i.e., highest grade of schooling reported by both parents) was included in the analyses. Gender (coded 1 for males and 0 for females) also was a covariate. Correlations and descriptive statistics for the measures are presented in Table 1.
