containing alcohol, allowing measurement of both volume and frequency of alcohol consumption (Devineni and Heberlein, 2009; Ja et al., 2007; Pohl et al., 2012; Shohat-Ophir et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2012), and this preference for alcohol can be modified by experience (Peru Y Colón de Portugal et al., 2014). Alcohol can act as a rewarding substance in flies (Kaun et al., 2011). Fly larvae can develop cognitive dependence on EtOH which can be measured as a decrease in learning ability in alcohol-dependent larvae that are undergoing withdrawal from alcohol (Robinson et al., 2012). Rapid tolerance to alcohol can be measured by assessing the ability of the drug to sedate flies during 2 alcohol exposures separated by a recovery period (flies are more resistant during the second exposure due to adaptations in the nervous system) (e.g., Bhandari et al., 2009; Chan et al., 2014; Cowmeadow et al., 2005; Scholz et al., 2000). Readers are directed to several comprehensive reviews on Drosophila as a model for alcohol behavior for additional details and discussion (Devineni and Heberlein, 2013; Kaun et al., 2012; Morozova et al., 2012; Robinson and Atkinson, 2013; Rodan and Rothenfluh, 2010b; Rothenfluh et al., 2014; Scholz and Mustard, 2011).
