The ABCD Study substance use module includes 10 items from the nicotine-dependence section of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (Hyland et al., 2016), which were adopted from existing well-validated and reliable surveys designed to assess different domains of nicotine dependence (including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (Pomerleau et al., 1994; Heatherton et al., 1991), PhenX (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/), National Youth Tobacco Survey or NYTS (Margolis et al., 2016; Bunnell et al., 2015), Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Motives or B-WISDM (Adkison et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2010). These included “How soon after you awake do you want to use tobacco?” (within 5 min, from 6 to 30 min, from more than 30 min to 1 h, after more than 1 h but less than 24 h, and I rarely want to use tobacco; (Fagerström/PhenX/NYTS), “Do you ever have strong cravings to use tobacco?” (yes/no), “Have you ever felt like you really needed to use tobacco?” (yes/no), and seven items adapted from the B-WISDM. For these items, respondents indicated on a 5-point Likert scale (from “not true
