Many studies have used International Classification of Disease (ICD) diagnostic codes as phenotypes for harmful alcohol use, though these designations may be insensitive or non-specific (4, 5). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C), a 3-item self-reported measure of the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, is a practical, valid screening test for harmful drinking and risk of a current AUD (6). Since 2007, the AUDIT-C has been a required annual screening test in primary care in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and is widely applicable to other medical settings.
