Schizophrenia-like psychosis was diagnosed by qualified neuropsychiatrists, including the authors of this study, based on DSM-IV criteria for schizophreniform disorders [33]. According to these criteria, patients present with two or more of the following symptoms: 1) delusions, 2) hallucinations, 3) disorganized speech, 4) disorganized or catatonic behavior, and 5) negative symptoms, with at least one episode lasting for 1 month or more, in the absence of a schizoaffective disorder diagnosis or mood disorder with psychotic features. In addition, the psychosis developed after the onset of epilepsy, all psychotic episodes lasted more than 24 h and occurred interictally–during seizure-free periods or between habitual seizures–in a state of full consciousness [16], [34]–[36]. Ictal psychotic phenomenon, postictal psychosis (psychotic events occurring within seven days of a seizure or clusters of seizures), and brief interictal psychosis (all episodes resolve in less than 1 month) were excluded.
