Assessed by smoking change between 1975 and 1981, the risk estimate (HR) for suicide 1995–2011 among those who did not receive antidepressant medication (1995–2004) was 4.85 for persistent active smokers (p = 0.017), 7.20 (p = 0.006) for those who initiated smoking between 1975 and 1981, and 2.78 for those who quit smoking (p = 0.23) compared with consistent never smokers. This model excluded those with antipsychotic use or disability pension for psychiatric illness, and adjusted for pre-existing depressiveness (LSS score 1975 and 1981), binge alcohol use 1975 and 1981, and self-reported sedative–hypnotic medication use in 1975 (data not shown).
