To identify loci associated with only a single substance (i.e. not pleiotropic), we used ASSET24 (1-sided p < 5e-8). SNPs that were associated at GWS with only a single individual substance (PAU, PTU, CUD, or OUD) were considered substance-specific (e.g., CHRNA5 SNPs were only associated with PTU; Supplemental Figure 3B–E).