Discussions about race and genetics are further complicated by confusion about how best to reconcile the concept of race as a social construct with the biological differences that are discussed in genetics across racial groups. Racial categories are clearly socially assigned and, in more recent history, socially-defined, as evidenced in part by the fact that they have changed over time.64 Socially-defined racial categories do not necessarily reflect human genetic variation65,66; however, racial categories may be correlated with differences in ancestral history, which can lead to genetic variation across groups. Ancestral history derived from ancestry informative genetic markers (AIMs) provide a more biologically sound method of assessing human genetic variation and must be taken into account when conducting genetic research in order to draw accurate conclusions about the risk associated with any given variant. While this distinction is often clear to investigators in the field of genetics, it may not be as clear to those in other fields or in the broader population.65 A failure to appreciate this difference has led to a concerning resurgence of the idea of race as
