Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications.
paper
Primary
Public
- Authors
- Dick, Danielle M; Barr, Peter; Guy, Mignonne; Nasim, Aashir; Scott, Denise
- Year
- 2017
- Journal
- The American journal on addictions
- PMID
- 28240821
- DOI
- 10.1111/ajad.12495
- PMCID
- PMC5884102
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There have been remarkable advances in understanding genetic influences on complex traits; however, individuals of African descent have been underrepresented in genetic research. METHODS: We review the limitations of existing genetic research on alcohol phenotypes in African Americans (AA) including both twin and gene identification studies, possible reasons for underrepresentation of AAs in genetic research, the implications of the lack of racially diverse samples, and special considerations regarding conducting genetic research in AA populations. RESULTS: There is a marked absence of large-scale AA twin studies so little is known about the genetic epidemiology of alcohol use and problems among AAs. Individuals of African descent have also been underrepresented in gene identification efforts; however, there have been recent efforts to enhance representation. It remains unknown the extent to which genetic variants associated with alcohol use outcomes in individuals of European and African descent will be shared. Efforts to increase representation must be accompanied by careful attention to the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic research. This is particularly true for AAs due to the history of abuse by the biomedical community and the persistent racial discrimination targeting this population. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Lack of representation in genetic studies limits our understanding of the etiological factors that contribute to substance use and psychiatric outcomes in populations of African descent and has the potential to further perpetuate health disparities. Involving individuals of diverse ancestry in discussions about genetic research will be critical to ensure that all populations benefit equally from genetic advances. (Am J Addict 2017;26:486-493).
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| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | INTRODUCTION | Our understanding of the contribution of genetic factors to psychiatric and behavioral outcomes has… |
| 1 | INTRODUCTION | paper we discuss the limitations of existing genetic research on alcohol phenotypes in AAs and why… |
| 2 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | The most common approach used to examine the extent to which genetic and environmental influences… |
| 3 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | In a recent meta-analysis of twin (and adoption) studies, the heritability of alcohol use disorders… |
| 4 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | of differing racial backgrounds was not even discussed in this meta-analytic compilation of the… |
| 5 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | Though twin registries have historically consisted largely of individuals of European descent, a… |
| 6 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | though the sample size was too small to produce accurate estimates for AA twins.11 Additive genetic… |
| 7 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | influence complex traits such as alcohol related behaviors.19,20 Recent efforts are underway to… |
| 8 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | Failure to include racially and ethnically diverse samples in twin studies is problematic because… |
| 9 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Genetic Epidemiology | genetic and environmental influences impact substance use may vary in AA populations, just as the… |
| 10 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | Whereas genetic epidemiological studies aim to characterize the relative importance of genetic and… |
| 11 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | An extension of the candidate gene approach tests whether the importance of a particular candidate… |
| 12 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | In contrast to candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) scan the entire genome… |
| 13 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | Lack of representation of individuals of African descent in gene identification studies is… |
| 14 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | detected in populations of European descent will not necessarily have the same impact in populations… |
| 15 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | Results from the GWAS focused on alcohol use phenotypes across AA and EA populations have yielded… |
| 16 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | AA populations. Top SNPs from both populations were then successfully replicated in independent… |
| 17 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | In summary, inadequate representation of AAs in genetic epidemiological studies and gene… |
| 18 | OVERVIEW OF EXTANT GENETIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL USE OUTCOMES IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS — Measured Genotypic Studies | genetic research to ensure this group equally benefits from health advances related to genetic… |
| 19 | FACTORS THAT LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO UNDERREPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN GENETIC RESEARCH | There are likely many factors contributing to underrepresentation of AA in genetic research. Within… |
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