Status variations in stress exposure: implications for the interpretation of research on race, socioeconomic status, and gender.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Turner, R Jay; Avison, William R
- Year
- 2003
- Journal
- Journal of health and social behavior
- PMID
- 15038145
Life events checklists have been the predominant method for estimating variations in stress exposure. It is unknown, however, whether such inventories are equally meaningful for estimating differences in exposure between men and women, African Americans and whites, and those in lower and higher socioeconomic categories. In this paper, we employ a wider range of measures of stress--recent life events, chronic stressors, lifetime major events, and discrimination stress--to examine the extent to which these dimensions collectively yield conclusions about status variations in stress exposure that are similar to or different from estimates based only on a life events checklist. Our analyses of data collected from 899 young men and women of African American and non-Hispanic white ancestry suggest that status differences in exposure to stress vary considerably by the measure of stress that is employed. Although women are more exposed to recent life events than men, males report more major events and discrimination stress than females. Our results also reveal that life event measures tend to substantially under-estimate differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites in exposure to stress. A similar pattern also holds for socioeconomic status. When stress is more comprehensively estimated, level of exposure profoundly affects ethnic differences in depressive symptomatology, accounting for almost half of the difference by socioeconomic status but contributing little to the explanation of the gender difference in distress. The implications of these findings for the debate over the relative mental health significance of exposure and vulnerability to stress are discussed.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks — full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications. | 2017 | 28240821 |
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fifteen-year trends in depression symptoms by sex, race, and financial stress among U.S. College Students. | Vidal C et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| How Intellectual Humility Enhances Affective Well-Being: Daily Diary Studies on the Mediating Roles of Daily Uplift and Stressor Exposure. | Guevarra YA et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Mental health characteristics of Japanese students visiting a university counseling center: Comparison by sex and grade level. | Nagib N et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Self-Esteem, Racial Identity, and Depression in the Long-Term Impact of Discrimination on Health among Black Americans. | Collins CE et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Sibling status and dementia risk in later life. | Wang J et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Superwoman schema, motherhood status, and subclinical atherosclerosis among African American women. | Hoggard LS et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Adult children's education, parental cognitive health, and the role of selection. | Barr AB et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Are There Regional Differences in Mental Health among Black Americans? An Exploration of Explanatory Mechanisms. | Satcher LA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Economic Stressors, Alcohol Use, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle-aged Adults. | Moilanen KL et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Everyday Discrimination in Young Adulthood and Depressive Symptoms at Early Midlife: The Moderating Role of Parent-Child Relationships. | Herath B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Global burden of subarachnoid hemorrhage attributable to ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> in low-resource regions (1990-2050). | Wu E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Into the Unknown: Anticipatory Stressors in the Stress Process Paradigm. | Grace MK | — | 2025 | → |
| Life course exposure to work strain and cognitive disparities by race and ethnicity. | Sheftel MG et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Measuring Perceived Discrimination and Its Consequences for Latino Health. | Burgos G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Profiles of economic and non-economic chronic stressors at midlife. | Moilanen KL et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Resilience, Social Support, and Coping Strategies in Mitigating Psychological Distress Among Rural African American Women in South Carolina During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediation Moderation Analysis. | Pasha A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Social Determinants of Message Exposure and Health Anxiety Among Young Sexual Minority Men in the United States During the 2022 Mpox Outbreak. | Otmar CD et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Technology-Facilitated Sexual Exploitation Module of the SES-V: Prevalence and Differential Vulnerability Across Two U.S. National Samples. | Thompson MP et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Are depressive symptoms associated with biological aging in a cross-sectional analysis of adults over age 50 in the United States. | Wang H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between psychosocial factors and C-reactive protein across income, race, and sex. | Cundiff JM et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Caucasian and African American racial disparity in neonatal hospital mortality. | Burdjalov M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Exploring aggressive emotions in women in prison: the role of empathy and perceived social support in moderating the effects of childhood discrimination experiences. | Liu L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Mental health inequality between urban and rural youth under COVID-19 from survey data from China. | Xiao Y | — | 2024 | → |
| Prenatal Cannabis Use and Offspring Autism-Related Behaviors: Examining Maternal Stress as a Moderator in a Black American Cohort. | Nutor C et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Trajectories of intimate partner violence and their relationship to stress among young women in South Africa: An HPTN 068 study. | Kelly NK et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Unequal Effects of Wildfire Exposure on Infant Health by Maternal Education, 1995-2020. | Rauscher E et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Unequal Exposure to Occupational Stress across the Life Course: The Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender. | Sheftel MG et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Women's preconception psychological stress and birth outcomes in a fertility clinic: the EARTH study. | Mínguez-Alarcón L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Yoga-Based Interventions in Low-Income Populations: A Scoping Review. | Nagaswami MV et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Assessment of Mental Health and Coping Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Groups Amid COVID-19 From the "How Right Now" Campaign. | Burke-Garcia A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Contextualizing Black Women's Mental Health in the Twenty-First Century: Gendered Racism and Suicide-Related Behavior. | Vance MM et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Examining Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Coping and Stress Within an Environmental Riskscape. | Mair CA et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Inflation hardship, gender, and mental health. | Louie P et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Intersectional vulnerability in the relationship between discrimination and inflammatory gene expression. | Cuevas AG et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Life stressors and immune aging: Protective effects of cognitive reappraisal. | Reed RG et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Lifetime vicarious experiences of major discrimination and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older black adults. | Moody MD et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Perceived Neighborhood Racial Composition and Depressive Symptoms Among Black Americans Across Adulthood: Evaluating the Role of Psychosocial Risks and Resources. | Thomas Tobin CS et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Preconception Stress and Pregnancy Serum Glucose Levels Among Women Attending a Fertility Center. | Mínguez-Alarcón L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Racialized Health Inequities: Quantifying Socioeconomic and Stress Pathways Using Moderated Mediation. | Brown TH et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The impact of hearing loss on trajectories of depressive symptoms in married couples. | West JS et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The intergenerational transmission of economic adversity, BMI, and emotional distress from adolescence to middle adulthood. | Neppl TK et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The Relationship Between Financial Stressors, Chronic Pain, and High-Impact Chronic Pain: Findings From the 2019 National Health Interview Survey. | Weissman JD et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Thinking twice: examining gender differences in repetitive negative thinking across the adult lifespan. | Lilly KJ et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Vicarious experiences of major discrimination, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization among Black Adults. | Moody MD et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Biopsychosocial Risk Profiles Among African American and Non-Hispanic White Adults: Findings From The Health and Retirement Study. | Lincoln KD et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Disrupting Monolithic Thinking about Black Women and Their Mental Health: Does Stress Exposure Explain Intersectional Ethnic, Nativity, and Socioeconomic Differences? | Erving CL et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Do Discrimination and Negative Interactions with Family Explain the Relationship between Interracial Relationship Status and Mental Disorder? | Irby-Shasanmi A et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Gendered Racial Microaggressions, Psychosocial Resources, and Depressive Symptoms among Black Women Attending a Historically Black University. | Erving CL et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Giving 200%: Workplace Flexibility and Provider Distress Among Female Physicians. | Caperelli Gergel MC et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| How Stress Is Related to Age, Education, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Body Fat Percentage in Adult Polish Men? | Lopuszanska-Dawid M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Hypertension and Diabetes Status by Patterns of Stress in Older Adults From the US Health and Retirement Study: A Latent Class Analysis. | Fernandez JR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Incarceration, polygenic risk, and depressive symptoms among males in late adulthood. | Liu H et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Inequality in the Experience of Stressful Psychological Events: Evidence from a Regional Survey in Tehran. | Tavangar F et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Life course trajectories of chronic financial strain and acute stress reactivity: Steeling in response to recovery from strain. | Klopack ET et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Moderating Influence of Social Support on the Relations between Discrimination and Health via Depression in Latinx Immigrants. | Cariello AN et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial Differences in Cumulative Disadvantage Among Women and Its Relation to Health: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Cumulative Stress Inventory of Women's Experiences. | Latham-Mintus K et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial Differences in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic among Brazilian University Students: a National Survey. | da Silva Júnior AE et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Risk Pathways Contributing to the Alcohol Harm Paradox: Socioeconomic Deprivation Confers Susceptibility to Alcohol Dependence <i>via</i> Greater Exposure to Aversive Experience, Internalizing Symptoms and Drinking to Cope. | Shuai R et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Stress Correlates Related to Depressive Symptoms Among Young Black Men in Southern California. | King KM et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Stressful Life Events, Differential Vulnerability, and Depressive Symptoms: Critique and New Evidence. | Anderson LR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Stress of university students before and after campus closure in response to COVID-19. | von Keyserlingk L et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Stressor anticipation and subsequent affective well-being: A link potentially explained by perseverative cognitions. | Kramer AC et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, disability, and mental health: Considerations from the Intermountain West. | Ciciurkaite G et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Identity Vitality-Pathology model: A novel theoretical framework proposing "identity state" as a modulator of the pathways from structural to health inequity. | Bey GS | — | 2022 | → |
| The Impact of Traumatic Events on Mental Health Among Older African American and Black Caribbean Adults. | Brooks JR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Interactive Effects of Education and Social Support on Cognition in African Americans. | Byrd DR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The link between food insecurity and psychological distress: The role of stress exposure and coping resources. | Ciciurkaite G et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The moderating role of sexual minority status in the associations of the experience and tolerance of shame-related emotions to suicide risk. | Mann AJD et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Roles of General and Domain-Specific Perceived Stress in Healthy Aging. | Luo J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Two Routes to Status, One Route to Health: Trait Dominance and Prestige Differentially Associate with Self-reported Stress and Health in Two US University Populations. | Knight EL | — | 2022 | → |
| Vicarious Experiences of Major Discrimination and Psychological Distress among Black Men and Women. | Moody MD et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Adverse childhood experiences in a low-income black cohort: The importance of context. | Giovanelli A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Explaining the Black-white depression paradox: Interrogating the Environmental Affordances Model. | Pamplin JR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Measuring the Biological Embedding of Racial Trauma Among Black Americans Utilizing the RDoC Approach. | Carter SE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Perceived Stress and Episodic Memory in Diverse Older Adults. | Zaheed AB et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Moderating Effects of Parental Feeding Practices and Emotional Eating on Dietary Intake among Overweight African American Adolescents. | Quattlebaum M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Paradoxical effect of cumulative stress exposure on information processing speed in Hispanics/Latinos with elevated heart rate variability. | McIntosh RC et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Predictors of cognitive decline in a multi-racial sample of midlife women: A longitudinal study. | Dixon JS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Prospective and Concurrent Affective Dynamics in Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: An Examination in Young Adult Women. | Victor SE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| 'She come like a sister to me': a qualitative study of volunteer social support for disadvantaged women in the transition to motherhood in England. | McLeish J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The reciprocal impacts of adversity and personality traits: A prospective longitudinal study of growth, change, and the power of personality. | Rakhshani A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| When Anger Remains Unspoken: Anger and Accelerated Epigenetic Aging Among Stress-Exposed Black Americans. | McKenna BG et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| A community-driven and evidence-based approach to developing mental wellness strategies in First Nations: a program protocol. | Morton Ninomiya M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we? | Matsuzaka S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A Systematic Review of Somatic Symptoms in Women with Depression or Depressive Symptoms: Do Race or Ethnicity Matter? | Lara-Cinisomo S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Death by a Thousand Cuts: Stress Exposure and Black-White Disparities in Physiological Functioning in Late Life. | Boen C | — | 2020 | → |
| Depressed democracy, environmental injustice: Exploring the negative mental health implications of unconventional oil and gas production in the United States. | Malin SA | — | 2020 | → |
| Discrimination and Psychosocial Well-Being of Migrants in Spain: The Moderating Role of Sense of Community. | García-Cid A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Disentangling the Stress Process: Race/Ethnic Differences in the Exposure and Appraisal of Chronic Stressors Among Older Adults. | Brown LL et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Effects of stress on 6- and 7-year-old children's emotional memory differs by gender. | Raffington L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Health Risk Factors in American Indian and Non-Hispanic White Homeless Adults. | Cole AB et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Hopelessness Among Middle-Aged and Older Blacks: The Negative Impact of Discrimination and Protecting Power of Social and Religious Resources. | Mitchell UA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Influence of resilience on the relations among acculturative stress, somatization, and anxiety in latinx immigrants. | Cariello AN et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Life Stressors: Elevations and Disparities Among Older Adults with Pain. | Brennan PL | — | 2020 | → |
| Measurement nonequivalence of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale by race/ethnicity: Implications for quantifying posttraumatic stress disorder severity. | Ruglass LM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Plasma glucocorticogenic activity, race/ethnicity and alcohol intake among San Francisco Bay Area women. | Tachachartvanich P et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Predictors of Alcohol Use in Safety-Net Primary Care: Classism, Religiosity, and Race. | Trujillo MA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Profiles of psychosocial adversity and their associations with health risk behaviors and mental health outcomes in young adults. | Woerner J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Psychological distress inequality between employed men and women: A gendered exposure model. | Bilodeau J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Race/ethnicity, maternal educational attainment, and infant mortality in the United States. | Fishman SH et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Status Variation in Anticipatory Stressors and Their Associations with Depressive Symptoms. | Grace MK | — | 2020 | → |
| Stressful Life Events and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults. | Zuelsdorff M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The association between discrimination and PTSD in African Americans: exploring the role of gender. | Brooks Holliday S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The association of goal-striving stress with sleep duration and sleep quality among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. | Cain-Shields LR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The relationship between independent and dependent life events and depression symptoms in Sri Lanka: a twin and singleton study. | Zavos HMS et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the health and safety of immigrant hospitality workers in the United States. | Sönmez S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| What Predicts a Mayoral Official's Opinion about the Role of Stress in Health Disparities? | Cuevas AG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| When Is Hope Enough? Hopefulness, Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Allostatic Load. | Mitchell UA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Are sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial characteristics associated with sexual orientation group differences in mental health disparities? Results from a national population-based study. | Krueger EA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. | Abrams LR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Childhood Misfortune and Handgrip Strength Among Black, White, and Hispanic Americans. | Smith NR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Do Race and Everyday Discrimination Predict Mortality Risk? Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study. | Farmer HR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Do Sleep and Psychological Distress Mediate the Association Between Neighborhood Factors and Pain? | Brooks Holliday S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| For Better or Worse: an Assessment of the 'Linked Lives' Concept and the Race-Based Effects of Partner Stress on Self-Rated Health Among Older Adults. | Moody MD et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Linking Mastery Across the Life Course to Mobility Device Use in Later Life. | Latham-Mintus K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Men's Income Trajectories and Physical and Mental Health at Midlife. | Frech A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Perceived Discrimination, Depression, and the Role of Perceived Social Support as an Effect Modifier in Korean Young Adults. | Kim K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physiological Stress and Relapse among Treatment Seeking Tobacco Smokers. | Webb Hooper M | — | 2019 | → |
| Relationships between stress, demographics and dietary intake behaviours among low-income pregnant women with overweight or obesity. | Chang MW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sexual Orientation and Diabetes During the Transition to Adulthood. | Liu H et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sources of Stress Among Midwest American Indian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. | Elm JHL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Stressor landscapes, birth weight, and prematurity at the intersection of race and income: Elucidating birth contexts through patterned life events. | Koning SM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Theories for Race and Gender Differences in Management of Social Identity-Related Stressors: a Systematic Review. | Bey GS et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The role of the visual association cortex in scaffolding prefrontal cortex development: A novel mechanism linking socioeconomic status and executive function. | Rosen ML et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Correlates of elevated blood pressure in healthy children: a systematic review. | Fowokan AO et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Demographic-Specific Rates for Life Events in the Cardiovascular Health Study and Comparisons With Other Studies. | Vitaliano PP et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Does getting stigma under the skin make it thinner? Emotion regulation as a stress-contingent mediator of stigma and mental health. | Burton CL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| "Doing Difference" and Fast Food Consumption: Patterns Among a Sample of White and African American Emerging Adults. | Wade JM | — | 2018 | → |
| Everyday Discrimination among African American Men: The Impact of Criminal Justice Contact. | Taylor RJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Gendered race modification of the association between chronic stress and depression among Black and White U.S. adults. | Bey GS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Intersectionality of Race, Gender, and Common Mental Disorders in Northeastern Brazil. | Smolen JR et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Multiple Disadvantage and Discrimination: Implications for Adolescent Health and Education. | Prince DM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Prenatal Exposure to an Acute Stressor and Children's Cognitive Outcomes. | Torche F | — | 2018 | → |
| Prenatal stress exposure and early childhood BMI: Exploring associations in a New Zealand context. | Farewell CV et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men: An Application of the Stress Process Model. | Gayman MD et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Social Status, Discrimination, and Minority Individuals' Mental Health: a Secondary Analysis of US National Surveys. | Lo CC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Diurnal Cortisol Trajectories in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. | Samuel LJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Burden of Stigma on Health and Well-Being: A Taxonomy of Concealment, Course, Disruptiveness, Aesthetics, Origin, and Peril Across 93 Stigmas. | Pachankis JE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Epidemiology of Coping in African American Adults in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). | Brenner AB et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Victimization and traumatic stress: Pathways to depressive symptoms among low-income, African-American girls. | Gershon A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Correlates and Predictors of Well-being in Montreal. | Moulin F et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. | Mouzon DM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Diverse Aging and Health Inequality by Race and Ethnicity. | Ferraro KF et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Dollar for Dollar: Racial and ethnic inequalities in health and health-related outcomes among persons with very high income. | Wilson KB et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Emotion socialization as a predictor of physiological and psychological responses to stress. | Guo J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Epigenetics and Health Disparities. | Vick AD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Everyday Racial Discrimination, Everyday Non-racial Discrimination, and Physical Health Among African Americans. | Mouzon DM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Lower depression scores associated with greater weight loss among rural black women in a behavioral weight loss program. | Carson TL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Moving Beyond Correlations in Assessing the Consequences of Poverty. | Duncan GJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Race/skin color and mental health disorders in Brazil: a systematic review of the literature. | Smolen JR et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Race, Socioeconomic Position, and Physical Health: A Descriptive Analysis. | Turner RJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications. | Dick DM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Social Disadvantage, Severe Child Abuse, and Biological Profiles in Adulthood. | Lee C et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Stress Exposure and Physical, Mental, and Behavioral Health among American Indian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. | Walls ML et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The Social and Spatial Patterning of Life Stress Among Immigrants in Canada. | Wang L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Transgender Noninclusive Healthcare and Delaying Care Because of Fear: Connections to General Health and Mental Health Among Transgender Adults. | Seelman KL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Understanding the influence of stigma and discrimination for the functional limitation severity - psychological distress relationship: A stress and coping perspective. | Brown RL | — | 2017 | → |
| Workplace bullying, perceived job stressors, and psychological distress: Gender and race differences in the stress process. | Attell BK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depression; Intersection of Race and Gender. | Assari S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Childhood adversity and adult health: Evaluating intervening mechanisms. | Turner RJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Childhood Conditions and Multimorbidity Among Older Adults. | Pavela G et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Early parenthood as a link between childhood disadvantage and adult heart problems: A gender-based approach. | Lee C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Education and alcohol use: A study of gene-environment interaction in young adulthood. | Barr PB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Hair cortisol concentration and glycated hemoglobin in African American adults. | Lehrer HM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Height for age z score and cognitive function are associated with Academic performance among school children aged 8-11 years old. | Haile D et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Racial differences in adherence and response to combined treatment for full and subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders: A secondary analysis. | Ruglass LM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Racial Discrimination, John Henryism, and Depression Among African Americans. | Hudson DL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Stress Mediates the Relationship Between Past Drug Addiction and Current Risky Sexual Behaviour Among Low-income Women. | Wu ZH et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Contribution of Psychosocial Stressors to Sleep among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. | Johnson DA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Role of Stress in Understanding Differences in Sedentary Behavior in Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. | Vásquez E et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Time-clustered Deaths and Substance Use Disorder among Young Adults. | Gayman MD et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Using Multiple-hierarchy Stratification and Life Course Approaches to Understand Health Inequalities: The Intersecting Consequences of Race, Gender, SES, and Age. | Brown TH et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A study of the relationship between food group recommendations and perceived stress: findings from black women in the Deep South. | Carson TL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Breadth of participation in organized and unstructured leisure activities over time and rural adolescents' functioning. | Sharp EH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Distress, race/ethnicity and smoking cessation in treatment-seekers: implications for disparity elimination. | Webb Hooper M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Examining Life-Course Socioeconomic Position, Contextualized Stress, and Depression among Well-Educated African-American Pregnant Women. | Curry Owens T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Flourishing: American Indian Positive Mental Health. | Kading ML et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Gender, stress in childhood and adulthood, and trajectories of change in body mass. | Liu H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. | Bridgett DJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Poor sleep and reactive aggression: Results from a national sample of African American adults. | Vaughn MG et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Predictors of Weight Loss for African-American Women in the Faith, Activity, and Nutrition (FAN) Study. | Kyryliuk R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial and ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms: are they consistent over time? | DeSantis AS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Men's Health: Examining Psychosocial Mechanisms. | Brown TH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial/ethnic disparities in midlife depressive symptoms: The role of cumulative disadvantage across the life course. | Garbarski D | — | 2015 | → |
| Social support, stress, and maternal postpartum depression: A comparison of supportive relationships. | Reid KM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Stress and the kidney. | Bruce MA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. | Kelly SJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Subjective religiosity, church attendance, and depression in the National Survey of American Life. | Hudson DL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The complex nature of family support across the life span: Implications for psychological well-being. | Fuller-Iglesias HR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Why and how inequality matters. | McLeod JD | — | 2015 | → |
| Age and Sex Effects in Anchoring Vignette Studies: Methodological and Empirical Contributions. | Grol-Prokopczyk H | — | 2014 | → |
| Childhood adversity and adult depression among the incarcerated: differential exposure and vulnerability by race/ethnicity and gender. | Roxburgh S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Comprehensive interrogation of CpG island methylation in the gene encoding COMT, a key estrogen and catecholamine regulator. | Swift-Scanlan T et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Disability, Health Insurance and Psychological Distress among US Adults: An Application of the Stress Process. | Alang SM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Does diversity matter? The need for longitudinal research on adolescent alcohol and drug use trajectories. | D'Amico EJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effects of Prenatal Social Stress and Maternal Dietary Fatty Acid Ratio on Infant Temperament: Does Race Matter? | Brunst KJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Ethnic and gender differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among five immigrant groups. | Kim IH et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Home environment, brain injury, & school performance in LBW survivors. | Mahoney AD et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Perceived discrimination and medication adherence in black hypertensive patients: the role of stress and depression. | Forsyth J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Race, gender, and chains of disadvantage: childhood adversity, social relationships, and health. | Umberson D et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health. | Turney K | — | 2014 | → |
| A commentary on "A randomized controlled trial to improve health among women receiving welfare in the US: the relationship between employment outcomes and the economic recession". | Scott-Marshall H | — | 2013 | → |
| Adult family relationships in the context of friendship. | Fuller-Iglesias HR et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| An intersectional approach to social determinants of stress for African American men: men's and women's perspectives. | Griffith DM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Coping, stress, and social support associations with internalizing and externalizing behavior among urban adolescents and young adults: revelations from a cluster analysis. | Tandon SD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Coping with Racial Discrimination: Assessing the Vulnerability of African Americans and the Mediated Moderation of Psychosocial Resources. | Miller B et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Discrimination and psychological distress among recently released male prisoners. | Turney K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Economic adversity and depressive symptoms in mothers: Do marital status and perceived social support matter? | Kingston S | — | 2013 | → |
| Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: results from the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study. | Bradford J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Intersection of Stress, Social Disadvantage, and Life Course Processes: Reframing Trauma and Mental Health. | Nurius PS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women's Health and Well-Being. | Perry BL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Rethinking gender and mental health: a critical analysis of three propositions. | Hill TD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Shedding Light on the Mechanisms Underlying Health Disparities Through Community Participatory Methods: The Stress Pathway. | Dunkel Schetter C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Socioeconomic status and stress in Mexican-American women: a multi-method perspective. | Gallo LC et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Stress management-augmented behavioral weight loss intervention for African American women: a pilot, randomized controlled trial. | Cox TL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A model of sexually and physically victimized women's process of attaining effective formal help over time: the role of social location, context, and intervention. | Kennedy AC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men? | Hudson DL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Education and health among U.S. working-age adults: a detailed portrait across the full educational attainment spectrum. | Zajacova A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Forgiveness of others and health: do race and neighborhood matter? | McFarland MJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Discrimination, Social Status, and Mental Health. | Lee H et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Neighborhood & Family Effects on Learning Motivation among Urban African American Middle School Youth. | Whitaker D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Problem drinking among Mexican-Americans: the influence of nativity and neighborhood context? | Markides KS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Psychosocial stressors and cigarette smoking among African American adults in midlife. | Slopen N et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Race/ethnic discrimination and preventive service utilization in a sample of whites, blacks, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans. | Benjamins MR | — | 2012 | → |
| Social adversity, stress, and alcohol problems: Are racial/ethnic minorities and the poor more vulnerable? | Mulia N et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Social support, stressors, and frailty among older Mexican American adults. | Peek MK et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Socioeconomic status and cumulative disadvantage processes across the life course: implications for health outcomes. | Seabrook JA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The moderating effects of stress and rumination on depressive symptoms in women and men. | Mezo PG et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The significance of education for mortality compression in the United States. | Brown DC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| When hard times take a toll: the distressing consequences of economic hardship and life events within the family-work interface. | Young M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Age differences in Exposure and Reactivity to Interpersonal Tensions among Black and White Individuals across Adulthood. | Birditt KS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm. | Skinner ML et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Allostatic load in an environmental riskscape: the role of stressors and gender. | Mair CA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Childhood sexual abuse severity and disclosure as predictors of depression among adult African-American and Latina women. | Sciolla A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Demographic and familial predictors of early executive function development: contribution of a person-centered perspective. | Rhoades BL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Depressive symptoms and bodily pain: The role of physical disability and social stress. | Gayman MD et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Discrimination and Latino psychological distress: the moderating role of ethnic identity exploration and commitment. | Torres L et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Distress among Indigenous North Americans: Generalized and Culturally Relevant Stressors. | Walls ML et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Mental health in Ecuadorian migrants from a population-based survey: the importance of social determinants and gender roles. | Del Amo J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Race/ethnic differences in adult mortality: the role of perceived stress and health behaviors. | Krueger PM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity among African American smokers. | Highland KB et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The History and Timing of Depression Onset as Predictors of Young-Adult Self-Esteem. | Gayman MD et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Twelve-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders and treatment-seeking among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Xu Y et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future. | Matthews KA et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Cortisol is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino youth. | Adam TC et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| GENERAL STRAIN THEORY, PERSISTENCE, AND DESISTANCE AMONG YOUNG ADULT MALES. | Eitle D | — | 2010 | → |
| Genotype-environment interaction and sociology: contributions and complexities. | Seabrook JA et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Health disparities and the stress hypothesis: a commentary on Schwartz and Meyer. | Turner RJ | — | 2010 | → |
| Incorporating children's lives into a life course perspective on stress and mental health. | Avison WR | — | 2010 | → |
| Lack of choice in caregiving decision and caregiver risk of stress, North Carolina, 2005. | Winter KH et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Mental health disparities research: the impact of within and between group analyses on tests of social stress hypotheses. | Schwartz S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status-health gradient. | Evans GW et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Parental Timing and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adulthood. | Falci CD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Physical disability and depression: clarifying racial/ethnic contrasts. | Brown RL et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Race and psychological distress: the South african stress and health study. | Jackson PB et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Reconsidering the role of social disadvantage in physical and mental health: stressful life events, health behaviors, race, and depression. | Mezuk B et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Stress and health: major findings and policy implications. | Thoits PA | — | 2010 | → |
| A comparison of the occurrence and perceived stress of major life events in black and white women. | Vines AI et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Appraisals of stressors and common mental disorder from early to mid-adulthood in the 1946 British birth cohort. | Hatch SL et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Determination of appropriate sampling time for job stress assessment: the salivary chromogranin A and cortisol in adult females. | Hong RH et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Grandmother caregiving, family stress and strain, and depressive symptoms. | Musil C et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Internalized Homophobia and Relationship Quality among Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals. | Frost DM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Living alone and depressive symptoms: the influence of gender, physical disability, and social support among Hispanic and non-Hispanic older adults. | Russell D et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Nativity Status and Depressive Symptoms among Hispanic Young Adults: The Role of Stress Exposure. | Tillman KH et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. | Pascoe EA et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Perceived ethnic discrimination versus acculturation stress: influences on substance use among Latino youth in the Southwest. | Kulis S et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Racial discrimination: a continuum of violence exposure for children of color. | Sanders-Phillips K | — | 2009 | → |
| Sleep patterns and psychological distress in women living in an inner city. | Caldwell BA et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Social inequality and racial discrimination: risk factors for health disparities in children of color. | Sanders-Phillips K et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Sorting out the competing effects of acculturation, immigrant stress, and social support on depression: a report on Korean women in California. | Ayers JW et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Stress questionnaires and stress biomarkers during pregnancy. | Harville EW et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Stress, race, and body weight. | Kim KH et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Structure and Stress: Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms across Adolescence and Young Adulthood. | Adkins DE et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The (In)Significance of Race and Discrimination among Latino Youth: The Case of Depressive Symptoms. | Burgos G et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Toward explaining mental health disparities. | Aneshensel CS | — | 2009 | → |
| Biomarkers of Psychological Stress in Health Disparities Research. | Djuric Z et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Childhood abuse and later parenting outcomes in two American Indian tribes. | Libby AM et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Income health inequalities among older persons: the mediating role of multiple risk exposures. | Evans GW et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Mental health of recently resettled refugees from the Middle East in Sweden: the impact of pre-resettlement trauma, resettlement stress and capacity to handle stress. | Lindencrona F et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Physical limitations and depressive symptoms: exploring the nature of the association. | Gayman MD et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Social patterning of stress and coping: does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources? | Meyer IH et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: measures, models, and interpretations. | Schilling EA et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. | Schilling EA et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and age: a review of the research. | Hatch SL et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Education, psychosocial resources, and metabolic syndrome variables in Latinas. | Gallo LC et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Family structure, stress, and psychological distress: a demonstration of the impact of differential exposure. | Avison WR et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Gender differences in the link between childhood socioeconomic conditions and heart attack risk in adulthood. | Hamil-Luker J et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Multiple traumatic events and psychological distress: the South Africa stress and health study. | Williams SL et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Predictors of psychological well-being amongst Korean immigrants to the United States: a structured interview survey. | Shin HS et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents. | DeSantis AS et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Smoking cessation processes in low-SES women: the impact of time-varying pregnancy status, health care messages, stress, and health concerns. | Crittenden KS et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| The psychosocial impact of Hurricane Katrina: contextual differences in psychological symptoms, social support, and discrimination. | Weems CF et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| The social antecedents of anger proneness in young adulthood. | Turner RJ et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Urban adolescent stress and hopelessness. | Landis D et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Education, gender, and mortality: does schooling have the same effect on mortality for men and women in the US? | Zajacova A | — | 2006 | → |
| Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: examining explanations for the relationship. | Barrett AE et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Gender Differences in Anxiety and Depression Among Immigrant Latinos. | Hiott A et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Health disparities in Canada today: some evidence and a theoretical framework. | Frohlich KL et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Stress burden, drug dependence and the nativity paradox among U.S. Hispanics. | Turner RJ et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Association between psychiatric disorders and smoking stages among Latino adolescents. | Dierker LC et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Factors contributing to individual differences in sucrose preference. | Pepino MY et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Measurement issues in health disparities research. | Ramírez M et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Perceptions of predisposing and protective factors for perinatal depression in same-sex parents. | Ross LE et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Stress, health, and the life course: some conceptual perspectives. | Pearlin LI et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Stress in Childhood and Adulthood: Effects on Marital Quality Over Time. | Umberson D et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: results from the Americans' Changing Lives Study. | Lantz PM et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| The development of a race and gender-specific stress measure for African-American women: Jackson, Hogue, Phillips contextualized stress measure. | Jackson FM et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| The programming of individual differences in defensive responses and reproductive strategies in the rat through variations in maternal care. | Cameron NM et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Understanding variations in exposure to social stress. | Turner HA et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Cumulative adversity and drug dependence in young adults: racial/ethnic contrasts. | Turner RJ et al. | — | 2003 | → |