In summary, inadequate representation of AAs in genetic epidemiological studies and gene identification studies is problematic because findings from genetic studies in other populations may not directly translate to AAs. The reasons for potential differences in the importance of genetic factors are twofold. The differences in environmental conditions and stressors experienced by AAs as compared to EAs could impact the degree to which genetic and environmental influences are important in the etiology of alcohol use outcomes in AA populations. Secondly, because people of African descent have greater genetic diversity and differing allele frequencies based on ancestral history, failure to include African Americans in gene identification efforts could lead to important genetic variants being missed and/or the identified variants being less important in individuals of African descent. All of these factors underscore the need for adequate representation of AA populations in genetic research to ensure this group equally benefits from health advances related to genetic findings. The new initiative on precision medicine,16 emphasizing the use of large-scale biologic databases including genetic information, makes it imperative that we ensure all populations are
