The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Verhulst, B; Neale, M C; Kendler, K S
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- Psychological medicine
- PMID
- 25171596
- DOI
- 10.1017/S0033291714002165
- PMCID
- PMC4345133
BACKGROUND: To clarify the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), we performed a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies and explored the impact of sex, assessment method (interview v. hospital/population records), and study design (twin v. adoption study) on heritability estimates. METHOD: The literature was searched for all unique twin and adoption studies of AUD and identified 12 twin and five adoption studies. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using ordinal data full information maximum likelihood in the OpenMx program. Heterogeneity was tested with likelihood ratio tests by equating the parameters across studies. RESULTS: There was no evidence for heterogeneity by study design, sex or assessment method. The best-fit estimate of the heritability of AUD was 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.53], and the proportion of shared environmental variance was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.16). Estimates of unique environmental proportions of variance differed significantly across studies. CONCLUSIONS: AUD is approximately 50% heritable. The multiple genetically informative studies of this syndrome have produced consistent results that support the validity of this heritability estimate, especially given the different potential methodological weaknesses of twin and adoption designs, and of assessments of AUD based on personal interviews v. official records. We also found evidence for modest shared environmental effects suggesting that environmental factors also contribute to the familial aggregation of AUDs.
Forest plot of genetic and environmental variance components for alcohol use disorders in twin studies by sex.
LLM interpretation
This forest plot displays the additive genetic, shared environment, and unique environment variance components for alcohol use disorders across multiple twin studies, categorized by sex (Males, Females, and Males & Females). Each study is represented by a point estimate and a horizontal confidence interval line, with a "Summary" section at the bottom providing aggregated estimates for males, females, and combined groups. The x-axis for each of the three panels ranges from 0 to 1, indicating the proportion of variance attributed to each component.
Forest plot of heritability of alcohol use disorders from adoption studies by relationship.
LLM interpretation
This is a forest plot showing heritability estimates of alcohol use disorders from various adoption studies, categorized by parent-offspring relationships. The x-axis represents the heritability estimate ranging from -1.0 to 1.0, with a vertical reference line at 0.0. Most individual studies and the summary estimates for "Sons," "Daughters," and "Offspring" show positive heritability estimates, with the summary points and their associated confidence intervals positioned to the right of the zero line.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Adopted away offspring local | cohort |
| adoption studies | cohort |
| Adoptive relatives local | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| alcohol use disorders | phenotype |
| antisocial personality disorder | phenotype |
| AUD | phenotype |
| Biological parents | cohort |
| Caldwell & Gottesman, 1991 local | cohort |
| Classical Twin Design local | cohort |
| clinical interviews local | cohort |
| clinically ascertained twin studies local | cohort |
| DSM-IV | phenotype |
| families | cohort |
| genetic factors | cohort |
| genetic variants | cohort |
| Heath et al. 1997 local | cohort |
| heritability | phenotype |
| heterogeneity contrast local | phenotype |
| hospital discharge or registration records local | cohort |
| Kaij local | cohort |
| Kaij (1960) local | cohort |
| Kaij outlier local | cohort |
| Kaij sample local | cohort |
| Kaij study local | cohort |
| Knopik et al. 2004 local | cohort |
| Magnusson et al. 2012 local | cohort |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| men | cohort |
| non-shared environment | phenotype |
| Odds ratio local | phenotype |
| Opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs local | cohort |
| opposite-sex dizygotic twins local | cohort |
| Percent affected local | phenotype |
| Prescott et al. 1999 local | cohort |
| Prevalence rate local | phenotype |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| shared environmental influence | phenotype |
| shared environmental risk factors local | drug |
| Shared environment effect local | phenotype |
| Tetrachoric correlation local | phenotype |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| unique environment variance local | phenotype |
| women | cohort |
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| Childhood Trauma and Two Stages of Alcohol Use in African American and European American Women: Findings from a Female Twin Sample. | Sartor CE et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Codevelopment Between Key Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Disorder From Adolescence Through Young Adulthood. | Samek DR et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Combining online Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) with a parent-training programme for parents with partners suffering from alcohol use disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. | Lindner P et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review. | Kranzler HR et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Early Life Stress as a Predictor of Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. | Lee RS et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Evaluation of the diet wide contribution to serum urate levels: meta-analysis of population based cohorts. | Major TJ et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Examining interactions between genetic risk for alcohol problems, peer deviance, and interpersonal traumatic events on trajectories of alcohol use disorder symptoms among African American college students. | Su J et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Familial transmission of externalizing syndromes in extended Swedish families. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor polymorphisms in alcohol use disorder in the GWAS era. | Koulentaki M et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Genetic and Epigenetic Modifiers of Alcoholic Liver Disease. | Meroni M et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells? | Prytkova I et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Genomewide Association Study of Alcohol Dependence and Related Traits in a Thai Population. | Gelernter J et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Incorporating Functional Genomic Information to Enhance Polygenic Signal and Identify Variants Involved in Gene-by-Environment Interaction for Young Adult Alcohol Problems. | Salvatore JE et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Longitudinal Relationships Between Parents' and Children's Behavior Need Not Implicate the Influence of Parental Behavior and May Reflect Genetics: Comment on Waldinger and Schulz (2016). | Sherlock JM et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Meta-Analysis of Genetic Influences on Initial Alcohol Sensitivity. | Edwards AC et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Method effects of the relation between family history of alcoholism and parent reports of offspring impulsive behavior. | Haeny AM et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Neighborhood conditions and trajectories of alcohol use and misuse across the early life course. | Barr PB | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Paternal Preconception Chronic Variable Stress Confers Attenuated Ethanol Drinking Behavior Selectively to Male Offspring in a Pre-Stress Environment Dependent Manner. | Rompala GR et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Personality Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder: An Overview. | Newton-Howes G et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Polygenic Risk Score Prediction of Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Across Population-Based and Clinically Ascertained Samples. | Savage JE et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps. | Dick DM et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Prediction of alcohol use disorder using personality disorder traits: a twin study. | Rosenstrรถm T et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Predictive accuracy of combined genetic and environmental risk scores. | Dudbridge F et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Reduced alcohol-seeking in male offspring of sires exposed to alcohol self-administration followed by punishment-imposed abstinence. | Campbell EJ et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Replication of the Interaction of PRKG1 and Trauma Exposure on Alcohol Misuse in an Independent African American Sample. | Hawn SE et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Rescue the child or treat the adult? Understandings among professionals in dual treatment of substance-use disorders and parenting. | Wiig EM et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Research Review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? | Gray KM et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Alcohol Involvement: Evidence for a Gene-Environment Interaction. | Davis CN et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Sources of Parent-Child Transmission of Drug Abuse: Path Analyses of Not-Lived-With Parental, Stepparental, Triparental, and Adoptive Families. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Sources of Parent-Offspring Resemblance for Major Depression in a National Swedish Extended Adoption Study. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| The Developmental Unfolding of Sibling Influences on Alcohol Use over Time. | Samek DR et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| The genetic and environmental architecture of substance use development from early adolescence into young adulthood: a longitudinal twin study of comorbidity of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use. | Waaktaar T et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| The Genetic Relationship Between Psychological Distress, Somatic Distress, Affective Disorders, and Substance Use in Young Australian Adults: A Multivariate Twin Study. | Chang LH et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| The Utility of a Brief Web-Based Prevention Intervention as a Universal Approach for Risky Alcohol Use in College Students: Evidence of Moderation by Family History. | Neale ZE et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. | Walters RK et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Transmission of alcohol use disorder across three generations: a Swedish National Study. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Voltage-Sensitive Potassium Channels of the BK Type and Their Coding Genes Are Alcohol Targets in Neurons. | Dopico AM et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Alcohol Misuse Across the Lifespan: Insights from Developmental Studies in Behavior Genetics. | Savage JE et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Alcohol use disorder and divorce: evidence for a genetic correlation in a population-based Swedish sample. | Salvatore JE et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| A National Swedish Longitudinal Twin-Sibling Study of alcohol use disorders among males. | Long EC et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning. | King CP et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Chronic Pain: Genetic Influences on Brain Reward and Stress Systems. | Yeung EW et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Contributions of Genes and Environment to Developmental Change in Alcohol Use. | Long EC et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Disrupted resting brain graph measures in individuals at high risk for alcoholism. | Holla B et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Divorce and the Onset of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Swedish Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort and Co-Relative Study. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Familial association of abstinent remission from alcohol use disorder in first-degree relatives of alcohol-dependent treatment-seeking probands. | McCutcheon VV et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Free will in addictive behaviors: A matter of definition. | Cox WM et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Genes, Environments, and Sex Differences in Alcohol Research. | Salvatore JE et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Genetic Counseling for Alcohol Addiction: Assessing Perceptions and Potential Utility in Individuals with Lived Experience and Their Family Members. | Kalb FM et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Genetic variation in the exome: Associations with alcohol and tobacco co-use. | Otto JM et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and genetic overlap with other health-related traits in UK Biobank (N=112โ117). | Clarke TK et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| GRIK1 and GABRA2 Variants Have Distinct Effects on the Dose-Related Subjective Response to Intravenous Alcohol in Healthy Social Drinkers. | Yang BZ et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Impulsivity Moderates Subjective Responses to Alcohol in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals. | Westman JG et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Interaction Between the ฮผ-Opioid Receptor Gene and the Number of Heavy-Drinking Peers on Alcohol Use. | Zaso MJ et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Interrelationship between family history of alcoholism and generational status in the prediction of alcohol dependence in US Hispanics. | Chartier KG et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a prospective sibling control study. | Eilertsen EM et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Molecular Genetic Influences on Normative and Problematic Alcohol Use in a Population-Based Sample of College Students. | Webb BT et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Neural predictors of substance use disorders in Young adulthood. | O'Brien JW et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Resilience and Risk for Alcohol Use Disorders: A Swedish Twin Study. | Long EC et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications. | Dick DM et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| School Achievement, IQ, and Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Prospective, Co-Relative Analysis in a Swedish National Cohort. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Stability and change in etiological factors for alcohol use disorder and major depression. | Torvik FA et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The association between personality disorders with alcohol use and misuse: A population-based twin study. | Long EC et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The clinical features of alcohol use disorders in biological and step-fathers that predict risk for alcohol use disorders in offspring. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The Decomposition of Shared Environmental Influences on Externalizing Syndromes in the Swedish Population: A Multivariate Study. | Ohlsson H et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease. | Stickel F et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The Rate of Change in Alcohol Misuse Across Adolescence is Heritable. | Edwards AC et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Time-specific and cumulative effects of exposure to parental externalizing behavior on risk for young adult alcohol use disorder. | Edwards AC et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| A developmental model for alcohol use disorders in Swedish men. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| All in the Family? A Twin-Based Analysis of Associations Between Occupational Risk Factors, Drinking, and Tobacco Use in Employed Men. | Bono RS et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| A National Swedish Twin-Sibling Study of Alcohol Use Disorders. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| A prospective longitudinal model predicting early adult alcohol problems: evidence for a robust externalizing pathway. | Edwards AC et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| A Systems Approach Implicates a Brain Mitochondrial Oxidative Homeostasis Co-expression Network in Genetic Vulnerability to Alcohol Withdrawal. | Walter NA et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Clinical features of registry-ascertained alcohol use disorders that reflect familial risk. | Kendler KS et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Does the familial transmission of drinking patterns persist into young adulthood? A 10-year follow up. | Karlsson P et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Experimental psychopathology paradigms for alcohol use disorders: Applications for translational research. | Bujarski S et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Exploration of a Polygenic Risk Score for Alcohol Consumption: A Longitudinal Analysis from the ALSPAC Cohort. | Taylor M et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Gene-environment interactions in a rat model of depression. Maternal separation affects neurotensin in selected brain regions. | Ellenbroek BA et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Heritability of high sugar consumption through drinks and the genetic correlation with substance use. | Treur JL et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| The Genetics of Addiction: Where Do We Go From Here? | Dick DM | โ | 2016 | โ |
| The risk of offspring developing substance use disorders when exposed to one versus two parent(s) with alcohol use disorder: A nationwide, register-based cohort study. | Mellentin AI et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Alcohol Dependence Genetics: Lessons Learned From Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Post-GWAS Analyses. | Hart AB et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans as Discovery Platforms for Genes Involved in Human Alcohol Use Disorder. | Grotewiel M et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Gene-Environment Interaction Effects of Peer Deviance, Parental Knowledge and Stressful Life Events on Adolescent Alcohol Use. | Cooke ME et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Integrating basic research with prevention/intervention to reduce risky substance use among college students. | Dick DM et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Overlapping genetic and environmental influences among men's alcohol consumption and problems, romantic quality and social support. | Salvatore JE et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Psychological and Neurobiological Precursors of Alcohol Use Disorders in High Risk Youth. | Hill SY et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| The stability of alcohol consumption between age 16 and 26: Evidence from a National Birth Cohort Study. | Percy A et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |