The P2Y receptors, individually or in combination, participate in many biological conditions. P2Y1R has a complex role in modulation of DA release, even though there is no evidence of its existence in the dopaminergic terminals of the prefrontal cortex.227,228 P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors specifically block the release of noradrenaline in the spinal cord,229 the hippocampus,230 and in the cortex,228 while these same receptors inhibit the release of serotonin in the cortex.231 P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors have also shown to inhibit the release of glutamate in the spinal cord,226 the hippocampus synapses, and the cerebral cortex.221 P2Y12 receptor is known as a protective receptor that stimulates microglial migration toward neuronal damage.16 Functional studies have demonstrated the involvement of P2Y receptors in seizure pathology, as well.232
