In addition to the strong cross-sectional associations of numerous personality disorders with axis I disorders shown prior to 2011, personality disorders also predict poor course of axis 1 disorders when comorbid (also see next section). In the area of alcohol and drug studies, a focus on antisocial personality disorder has been traditional. NESARC 2011 studies are consistent with an increasing literature indicating that consideration only of antisocial personality disorder in the study of substance use disorders is overly limited, and that a broader range of personality disorders must be addressed to better understand the etiology and course of substance use disorders.
