Antisocial personality disorder was associated with smoking with or without nicotine dependence, whereas other personality disorders were only associated with smoking accompanied by nicotine dependence [26]. The risk for most axis I psychiatric disorders, including drug and nicotine disorders, was elevated among individuals with obsessivecompulsive personality disorder [27]. A factor analytic study indicated that a general personality disorder factor and a factor representing the DSM-IV ‘Cluster B’ personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic) accounted for the covariation among personality disorders [28], and that the general personality disorder factor accounted for much of the comorbidity of personality and substance disorders.
