Three measures of negative family environment associated with CD indexed childhood adversity, specifically parental neglect, exposure to inter-parental violence and inconsistent parental discipline. Parental neglect was assessed by parent report and used three items to determine a lack of care severe enough to be recognized by individuals outside the home, including notification from others on the lack of general care for the children, illness due to insufficient parental care and failure to seek medical attention for the children when such care was necessary. Exposure to inter-parental violence was measured by child report and used two items to determine whether parents make physical contact (i.e. pushing, shoving or hitting) with one another during disagreements. Inconsistent parental discipline was obtained by child report to determine whether each parent maintained consistent responses to child rule-breaking. Responses to the binary items were summed and used as a scale ranging from 0 to 7.
