Adolescent appraisals of the quality of the parent-child relationship were assessed using five questions for mothers and fathers. Three questions asked adolescents how much they agreed with statements about their mother and father. These questions were: ‘Most of the time, your mother/father is warm and loving toward you’; ‘You are satisfied with the way your mother/father and you communicate with each other’; ‘Overall, you are satisfied with your relationship with your mother’. Response options ranged from 1 “Strongly agree” to 5 “Strongly disagree”. Two further questions assessed closeness and caring as ‘How close do you feel to your mother/father’ and ‘How much do you think she/he cares about you’, where response options ranged from 1 “Not at all” to 5 “Very much”. Items were coded so that higher scores reflected poorer parent-child relationship quality. The measure had good internal consistency in the present sample (Time 1, α = .87; Time 2, α = .87).
