The present study used data from 2538 adolescents (1335 girls, 1203 boys) in Grade 7 or 8 at Time 1 who lived with a mother and father to whom they were biologically related and for whom mother reports of smoking and alcohol use were available. Participants were aged 11 to 14 years at Time 1 (Mean = 13.91 years; SD = 0.66). Participants in the present sample were approximately 75% White, 15% African American, 12% Hispanic, 7% Asian or Pacific Islander, 4% American Indian and 7% other. Categories were not mutually exclusive. Based on guidance provided by Widaman (2006), Multiple Imputation using the Expectation Maximisation (EM) algorithm was used to treat missing data (the amount of missing data across the study constructs ranged from 1% to 15.5% which can be regarded as moderate).
