those characterized by high levels of peer deviance or low levels of parental monitoring (Button et al., 2007; Dick, Viken, et al., 2007; Hicks, South, DiRago, Iacono, & McGue, 2009). By design, studies of latent GxE examine how environmental factors moderate additive genetic risk for an outcome of interest. Thus, a significant latent GxE effect indicates that the environmental factor changes the association between most genetic variants and the outcome (assuming the outcome is influenced by a large number of small, approximately equal genetic effects), making environments for which there are latent GxE effects promising for follow-up in cGxE studies. We illustrated this strategy for one candidate gene, GABRA2, in Dick et al.’s (2009) article.
