do so may result in poorer treatment response, both for the MA dependence and for the co-occurring other psychiatric disorder. Similarly, the high percentage of lifetime but not current dependence on other substances suggests that addressing the potential for relapse with other substances should be a component of treatment for MA dependence. Furthermore, careful characterization of substance-induced vs primary may serve to inform and guide maintenance care and subsequent treatment. Further studies are needed to characterize subgroups of those with MA dependence who develop MA-induced psychiatric symptoms (e.g., investigation of genetic factors), and to elucidate the mechanisms of gender differences in response to MA exposure.
